Assessment of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity concerns of. Structurecarcinogenicity relationships sciencedirect. Ntp report on carcinogens 1997 background document for dyes metabolized to benzidine benzidine dye class table l. Azo dyes are organic compounds, which contain the colouring azo function nn. Ntp report on carcinogens background document for dyes. Azo testing azo dyes are the name of the group of synthetic dyestuffs based on nitrogen that are often used in textile industry. Some azo dyes have the potential to release carcinogenic aromatic amines when reductive cleavage occurs. Disperse blue 5106124 toxicity of azo dyes and some are considered carcinogenic acid red 26, basic red 9, basic violet 14.
Health and consumer protection has conducted a european survey on the presence of the banned azodyes in textiles. Some azo dyes can be carcinogenic without being cleaved into aromatic amines. Page, quality and environment, introduction in the european parliament directive 200261ec of july 2002, the european union eu has decided that by 11th september 2003 the harmonised legislation regarding azo dyes in consumer goods has to be enacted. This volume of the iarc monographs provides a reassessment of the carcinogenicity of about a dozen aromatic amines and organic dyes. European survey on the presence of banned azodyes in textiles. Also, there is a higher incidence of bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to. Even though azo dyes are in general less harmful than older types, many are found to be toxic to fish, mammals, as well as to different kind of microorganisms24. Many azo dyes, like sudan red and scarlet red, can be used as biological dyes because they are fat soluble and can be absorbed into fat cell tissues on microscope slides. Some arylamines have been judged to be carcinogenic. Quantitative electron microscopy of carcinogeninduced alterations in hepatocyte rough endoplasmic reticulum. Quantitative electron microscopy of carcinogeninduced. These dyes are quite common on food, however, several countries have revised its use and reassessed what are the acceptable concentrations of these pigments. Formation of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by. The names of the banned amines are not given in the regulations.
S 943 international journal of environmental sciences volume 3 no. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 2. I solvent yellow 14 is also considered carcinogenic. Another azo dye component, pphenylenediamine, is a contact allergen. Prominent types are 1 acid dyes for polyamide and protein substrates such as nylon, wool, and silk. European ban on certain azo dyes destination maternity. There is a wellestablished concern for the potential. Azo dyes and their derivatives have been linked to cases of bladder, prostate, esophagus, rectum, stomach and ovary cancer. The aim of the present paper is to examine this proposition and to see how it correlates with the. Some azo dye stuffs may separate under certain conditions to produce carcinogenic and allergenic aromatic amines. Azo dyes are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile and leather industries.
Furthermore, this study presents removal of carcinogenic azo dyes reactive black 5 rb5, trapaeolin 000 tp, chicago sky blue csb, methyl orange mo and evans blue eb from the aqueous solution by solidliquid extraction using these novel compounds. Azo dyes and carcinogenic aromatic amines in cell cultures. Some azo dyes, if absorbed by the human body, can undergo reduction decomposition to form carcinogenic amines due to enzymes in the body that have reduction properties. Part a final decisions on matters referred to an expert advisory committee 2. Scheduling proposals referred to the august 2015 accs meeting 2. The maximum sorption of azo dyes was achieved at ph 3. Azo dyes and their metabolites are reported to be mutagenic or carcinogenic 5,6. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are some of the hazards associated with this particular class of chemicals. This postnote examines the hazards associated with the use of azo dyes in the textile industry, with a particular emphasis on wastewater contamination. This action plan addresses the use of benzidinebased dyes and benzidine congenerbased dyes, both metalized and nonmetalized, in products that would result in consumer exposure, such as for use to color textiles. Concern ttc approach for azobased substances nicnase.
In contrast, azo dyes which exist in the hydrazone form are more likely to be broken down, e. Mineralization and detoxification of the carcinogenic azo dye. For safety evaluation of the dermal exposure of consumers to azo dyes from wearing coloured textiles, a possible cleavage of azo dyes by the skin microflora should be considered since, in contrast to many dyes, aromatic amines are easily absorbed by the skin. They can be reduced by azoreductases in intestinal bacteria, liver cells and skin surface microflora so that aromatic amines are released. Azodyes are compounds containing at least one azo group nn, they are widely employed and commercially they represent by far the major part of colorants. Step 1 is the conversion of an aromatic amine to a diazo compound i. Formation of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by human skin bacteria in vitro. Benzidine has been used for over a century as an intermediate in the production of azo dyes, sulfur dyes, fast color salts, naphthols, and other dyeing compounds iarc 1982. The azo function is often bound to an aromatic ring, and the dye can then be broken down to an aromatic amine, arylamine. Male syrian golden hamsters were given a single oral dose of 100 milligrams per kilogram mgkg direct black 38 db38 containing 3. However, the carcinogenicity of many azo dyes is due to their cleaved product such as benzidine. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.
Nioshtic2 publications search 00123089 metabolism of azo. Azo dyes are widely used to treat textiles, leather articles, and some foods. Biodegradation of carcinogenic textile azo dyes using. In this study an analytical system for the determination of carcinogenic aromatic amines at the picogram to femtogram level and a cell culture assay to evaluate. For dyes that are carcinogenic and are resistant to chemical attack, such as true azo dyes, the dye itself is likely to be the pro carcinogen. Some azo dyes with this property and which can revert slowly to the trans isomer in the dark are used in sunglasses and car sunroofs. Detox program fact sheet amines and carcinogenic dyes 5 3 legal aspects the european commission has laid out its stance on azo dyes in the so called reach legislation section 43 of annex xvii of reach, azo dyes and azocolourants.
Present knowledge of their mode of action indicates that they share some points in common but differ in other respects. The environmental, health and economic impacts of textile azo. Pharmacodynamics of carcinogenic azo dyes, aromatic. Generally, the synthesis of azo dyes involves two steps. The essence of their idea is that it is not the azo dye that initiates the carcinogenic process, but an. Some structurecarcinogenicity trends are presented for that most important class of dye, the azo dye. Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures. In the past, benzidine also was used in clinical laboratories for detection of blood, as a rubber compounding agent, in the manufacture of plastic films, for detec. Polluting effects and elimination methods from textile waste water 123 the textile dyes are mainly classified in two ways. A method for measuring the ability of human skin flora to reduce azo dyes was established. Metabolism of azo dyes the significance of azo reduction in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of azo dyes is well established.
A number of azo dyes are listed as carcinogens, and many markets, including the eu and the us, have imposed legal bans or restrictions on their content in items that come in direct contact with the skin. Azo dyes make up 6070% of all dyes used and are the most important chemical class of dyes. Tiazo dyes are a class of synthetic dyes used as colorants in many consumer goods, including textiles, apparel, leather, cosmetics, and even food. Medab and shortterm effects of azo dyes of different carcinogenic potentials. Rapid analysis of carcinogenic aromatic amines using the. The environmental, health and economic impacts of textile. Overview azo dyes, a type of textile colourant, are integral to the textile industry and make up 70% of commercial dyes.
Looking towards the ability of microbial consortia to grow in wheat bran medium and effectively degrade and detoxify carcinogenic azo dyes within a short time, the present. The metabolism of azo dyes to carcinogenic amines was studied in hamsters. Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group r. Efficient removal of carcinogenic azo dyes by novel.
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